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Local Government Solutions for
Cleaner Production and Pollution Prevention
Text copyright 2006,
Cleaner Production International LLC / www.cleanerproduction.com
Local governments are perhaps the most important organizations for promoting CP
and P2. They obtain many more benefits from CP and P2 than do individual benefits. Local
governments are often the biggest "businesses" in their communities in terms of
resource use and waste generation, so CP and P2 help them save money and increase
efficiency of operations and reduce pollution. But local governments also must provide
resource and waste management services to communities. These are major costs and political
concerns, and promoting CP and P2 to local households and businesses saves local
governments large amounts of money for utility budgets. It is also politically favorable
because it creates positive, helpful partnerships between local governments and their
stakeholders and customers. This presentation provides a short overview of the arguments
for promoting CP and P2 through local governments. For a good example of the effect of
promoting CP and P2 in local governments in developing countries read this paper.
Local Governments and Sustainable Development
CP and P2 are important parts of sustainable development strategies for local
governments. They should be promoted within a general strategy for sustainable
development. These guides are useful for creating sustainability strategies.
- Melbourne Principles for Sustainable Cities
United Nations Environment Programme. 2002. 16 pages.
These 10 principles, with explanations, were developed in an international forum
and provide a good overview of the main ideas for guiding sustainable development of
cities.
- Sustainable Development for Local Authorities: Approaches, Experiences
and Sources
European Environment Agency. 1997. 83 pages.
This European guide provides an overview of sustainable development in local
government, a collection of literature resources, and a listing of other resources with an
emphasis on European organizations.
- Sustainable Cities: Reflections on Today's Urban Environment
Learning for a Sustainable Future. 1999. 20 pages.
This is a collection of short readings from various authors regarding the
dimensions of sustainable cities. It provides a good overview of the key concepts of
sustainable cities and how to think about the issues.
- Our Community, Our Future: A Guide to Local Agenda 21
Commonwealth of Australia. 1999. 190 pages.
Local Agenda 21 is the international framework for implementing sustainable
development at the local level, following the guidelines of the World Summit on
Sustainable Development. This guide explains the Agenda, provides step-by-step guidance
for implementing it, and includes 9 case studies of Australian cities and extensive
appendices.
- Measuring Progress: Cities21 Pilot Project Final Report
The International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. 2000. 75
pages.
The goal of the project was to engage ICLEI members and their communities in
evaluating their local sustainable development strategies and performance in three areas
of mutual concern: Governance (Local Agenda 21); Climate Change; and Freshwater
Management. The project sought an answer to the question: Were cities, through local
actions, making global gains in sustainability issues? The report includes results from 30
cities, a list of core sustainability indicators, recommendations for further
collaboration and a resource listing.
- Community Sustainability Assessment.
Ecovillage Network of the Americas. 2000. 41 pages.
The CSA was developed to assist communities in assessing their accomplishments and
charting directions toward ever increasing sustainability. It is a comprehensive checklist
that anyone can complete to get a basic idea of how sustainable their community is. It
provides a good template that can be customized for communities and lead discussions.
- Environmental Sustainability Kit
Environmental Defense Fund Pollution Prevention Alliance. 1999. 114 pages.
This guide provides a step-by-step process for working with community stakeholders
to create a vision for sustainability, identify projects and implement them. It includes
an extensive appendix of resources. Though the theme is environment, the process applies
to implementing sustainability projects in general.
- Cities Matter: Local Economic Development
United States Agency for International Development. 1999. 154 pages.
Economic development is fundamental for sustainability. This is a comprehensive
training course for local officials on the principles of economic development planning,
including full details for a five-day workshop that includes training guides, trainer's
notes, overheads, and resources.
- Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable
Communities
Cornell University. 1999. 49 pages.
This report reviews the interdisciplinary literature on industrial ecology theory
and practice. It discusses the concept of eco-industrial development, defining its
meaning, function, and range of applications in the economic and community development
context. The objective is to describe both the benefits and challenges posed by
eco-industrial development, and to assess a range of strategies and best practices for
implementation. It includes three case studies.
General Environmental Management for Local Government
CP is one component of environmental management that can have major impacts on
other components, such as waste management, pollution control, biodiversity, etc. The
following guides provide a general understanding of environmental management for local
governments that create a framework in which CP should be implemented.
- Environmental Planning for Small Communities: A Guide for Local
Decision-Makers
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. 156 pages.
This guide describes steps in organizing the planning process for environmental
management and describes options for managing various environmental issues such as water
supply, solid and wastewater management etc. It also includes guidance for evaluating
options, creating implementation plans and assessing risks.
- Guide to Implementing Local Environmental Action Programs
United States Agency for International Development. 1998. 200 pages.
This is a comprehensive guide that provides steps for developing LEAPs and includes
specific guidance on community communication plans, public involvement, skills development
and other important topics. Also includes extensive resource list. Designed for Eastern
Europe but universally relevant.
- Environmental Management for Communities
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. 1000 pages
This is a computer-based training tool that provides guidance for comprehensive
environmental planning for communities. Designed for the USA but universally relevant, it
includes information about regulations, self-analysis, planning, financial programs, an
extensive bibliography and case studies.
- The US EPA Environmental Management System Pilot Project for Local
Government Entities
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. 136 pages.
An Environmental Management System (EMS) is one way to manage local environmental
issues. This report describes the results of implementing EMS within 9 US local government
entities. It includes information about EMS, the steps in the project and implementation
issues with the partners, and case studies of all nine partners. It provides important
insights about implementing any kind of environmental management system in local
government. Note: For more information on EMS see the section on this topic.
- Implementing an Environmental Management System in Community-Based
Organizations
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. 137 pages.
This report describes implementation of EMS in 10 organizations in one locality,
including a school, golf course, shopping mall, hospital, printing company and various
government departments. It includes details of the projects and results and implementation
issues.
- Guidance Document on Performance Measurement for Sustainable Government
Operations
Government of Canada. 1999. 56 pages.
This provides specific indicators for performance of operations in key areas of
government including contaminated sites, solid waste management, toxic waste management
and others. Each section includes descriptions, indicators and example calculations.
- City of Seattle Environmental Management Program
City of Seattle. 1999. 110 pages.
This is the actual EMS manual for the City of Seattle, based on the principles of
the ISO 14001 EMS standard. An excellent example of advanced EMS application in cities.
Cleaner Production and Pollution Prevention for Local Governments
Finally! This section includes specific guidance on CP and P2 for local
governments.
- Linking Sustainable Community Activities to Pollution Prevention
Rand Corporation. 1997. 81 pages.
This report describes the range of sustainable community activities and how they
can be linked to P2 and CP, with specific examples. A good introduction to sustainable P2
in communities.
- Getting Ahead of the Game: A Cleaner Production Handbook for Local
Government
Australian Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. 300 pages.
This detailed guide was prepared for local government councils and covers most
aspects of CP in local government operations, including policy guidance, technical
information and stakeholder involvement.
- Pollution Prevention in Local Governments
Local Government Environmental Action Network
This implementation manual describes a full range of topics for local governments,
including Pollution Programs & Pretreatment Programs, Construction and Maintenance,
Pesticide, Public Safety, Wastewater Collection and Treatment, and more. Each section
describes typical wastes generated, P2 options, and a case study.
- Home Pollution Prevention for Consumers: A Guide to Household Hazardous
Substances and Non-Hazardous Alternatives
South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 1998. 20
pages.
This practical guide describes the environmental and health hazards of common
household substances and provides specific guidance for making low-cost alternatives or
finding alternative solutions.
- Orange County Health Care Agency Pollution Prevention Training Project
California Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. 59 pages.
This detailed manual describes the development and implementation of a P2 training
program for local health care agency workers.
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